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India Ink Preparation- Purpose, Principle, Procedure and Result

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  Purpose:   Used for direct microscopic examination of capsules of many microorganism. Principle:   India ink or Nigrosin preparation is used for direct microscopic examination of capsules of many microorganisms .   The fine granules of the India ink or Nigrosin give an opaque background against which the clear capsules can be easily seen.  This technique is particularly useful in visualizing the capsule of  Cryptococcus neoformans  in cerebrospinal fluid, sputum and other secretions. Required equipment and reagents: Equipments: 1.    Bunsen burner 2.    Biological safety cabinet 3.    Light Microscope – 40 x magnifications Reagents: 1.    Cover slip 2.    Microscopic slides 3.    Nigrosin stain Procedure: 1.     Centrifuge CSF specimen lightly to concentrate any microorganisms in the specimen. 2.     Em...
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KOH Wet Mount Preparation: Purpose, Principle, Procedure, Result Interpretation and uses

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  Purpose:   To identify fungi in clinical specimens such as hair, skin or nails. Principle:   The KOH mount is used to aid in detecting fungal elements in thick mucoid material or in specimens containing keratinous materials such as skin scales, nails and hair.  The KOH dissolves the background keratin, unmasking the fungus element to make them more apparent. This test cannot find out the exact species of fungi. It can only differentiate whether fungi is present or not and the basic fungal structure. Further tests must be performed to confirm the species of fungi. Type of sample: Sterile containers should be used for sample collection Skin Hair Nail Requirements: Equipment Light microscope (40X magnification) Biological safety cabinet Reagents 10% KOH (aqueous) 40% KOH (aqueous) Cover slip  Microscopic slides Procedure for 10% KOH Preparation: Measure the 10g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) pellets, the transfer to container. Add 50ml distilled wa...
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Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) - Production, Applications and Limitations

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Introduction Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules that are designed to mimic the immune system's ability to recognize and neutralize specific foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They are made by cloning identical immune cells, called B-cells that produce a single type of antibody, which can then be mass-produced in the laboratory. mAbs are used in a variety of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. They work by binding to specific target molecules, or antigens, on the surface of cells and blocking their function. This can prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells, reduce inflammation in autoimmune disorders, and neutralize viruses and other pathogens. mAbs have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases and are often well-tolerated by patients, with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy drugs. However, they can be expensive to produce a...
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