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Streptococci- Overview of Detection, Identification and Differentiation Techniques

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  Overview: Streptococci are Gram-positive cocci, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacteria arranged in pairs or chains in structure. Most of the streptococci are facultative anaerobes and some are obligative anaerobe it requires enriched media (Blood agar). Streptococci are catalase-negative and oxidase negative and the sole product of glucose fermentation is lactic acid with no gas formation is called homofermentative. Streptococcal species may be serologically classified on the basis of cell surface carbohydrate antigens (either cell wall polysaccharides (group A, B, C, F and G streptococci) or (are cell wall lipoteichoic acid (group D  Enterococcus sp .). other streptococci are viridans group. Virulence factor: Group A Streptococci M- protein  are acid and head stable, tripsin- labile, fibrillar proteins are associated with the outer surface of the cell wall. Hyaluronic acid  capsule function to help the organism resist the complement dependent killing by phagocytic cell. Pyrogenic to
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MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL INTRINSIC DRUG RESISTANCE

Definition: Intrinsic resistance is defined as inherent or innate (not acquired) antimicrobial resistance, which is bacterial species, is naturally resistant to certain antibiotic. That means these antibiotics can never be use treat infections caused by that species of bacteria. Intrinsic resistance is so common that susceptibility testing is unnecessary. There are two different mechanisms by which bacteria mediate intrinsic resistance: 1.     Porins 2.     Efflux pumps Porins (Reduced permeability of the outer membrane): Influx into the bacteria cell is largely controlled by porins, which are water – filled open pores or channels that span the outer membrane and allow the passive transport of hydrophilic molecules.  Some Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria have porins structure, which act as pores through which molecules including nutrients can pass through the membrane into the cell. Some intrinsically resistant bacteria the chemical properties or the size of porins exc
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India Ink Preparation- Purpose, Principle, Procedure and Result

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  Purpose:   Used for direct microscopic examination of capsules of many microorganism. Principle:   India ink or Nigrosin preparation is used for direct microscopic examination of capsules of many microorganisms .   The fine granules of the India ink or Nigrosin give an opaque background against which the clear capsules can be easily seen.  This technique is particularly useful in visualizing the capsule of  Cryptococcus neoformans  in cerebrospinal fluid, sputum and other secretions. Required equipment and reagents: Equipments: 1.    Bunsen burner 2.    Biological safety cabinet 3.    Light Microscope – 40 x magnifications Reagents: 1.    Cover slip 2.    Microscopic slides 3.    Nigrosin stain Procedure: 1.     Centrifuge CSF specimen lightly to concentrate any microorganisms in the specimen. 2.     Emulsify a small quantity of the sediment into India ink or nigrosin on a microscope slide and overlay with a coverslip. 3.     Do not make the contrast emulsion too thick, or the transm
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